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Hamming codes have a minimum distance of 3, which means that the decoder can detect and correct a single error, but it cannot distinguish a double bit error of some codeword from a single bit error of a different codeword.
The World War II code word Ultra identified information found by decrypting German ciphers, such as the Enigma machine, and which—regardless of its own significance—might inform the Germans that Enigma was broken if they became aware that it was known. Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) and Special Access Programs (SAP)
The decoding process interprets a garbled codeword, referred to as simply a word, as the valid codeword "nearest" the n -letter received string. Mathematically, there are exactly qm possible messages of length m, and each message can be regarded as a vector of length m.
President John F. Kennedy, codename "Lancer" with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, codename "Lace". The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations. [1] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic ...
Dissemination of already protectively marked material may be further limited only to those with a legitimate need to know using compartmentalisation by use of codewords. Examples of compartmented material would include information about nuclear warheads, fusion , and naval nuclear propulsion .
Several now-retired codewords protected SI compartments based on their sensitivity, generally referred to as Top Secret Codeword (TSC) and Secret Codeword (SC). These codewords were: UMBRA for the most sensitive material
In coding theory, Hamming (7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the term Hamming code often refers to this specific code that Richard W. Hamming introduced in 1950.
In coding theory, a parity-check matrix of a linear block code C is a matrix which describes the linear relations that the components of a codeword must satisfy. It can be used to decide whether a particular vector is a codeword and is also used in decoding algorithms.
A code over an alphabet Q of size | Q | = q is called q -ary R -covering code of length n if for every word there is a codeword such that the Hamming distance . In other words, the spheres (or balls or rook-domains) of radius R with respect to the Hamming metric around the codewords of C have to exhaust the finite metric space .
Some "code words" are fictitious. In the Sherlock TV series, "Vatican cameos" is used between John Watson and Sherlock Holmes as a code word, initially meaning simply 'duck' or 'get ready.'. Various internet sources offer an erroneous etymology for the phrase, suggesting it dates to World War II.